Peanut allergies are among the most common and potentially severe food allergies, especially in Western countries. When someone like David, who is allergic to peanuts, ingests even a small amount of peanut butter, the immune system overreacts, perceiving peanut proteins as harmful invaders.
Peanut allergies affect approximately 1-2% of the population in the United States and are a leading cause of severe allergic reactions. These allergies can develop early in life and often persist into adulthood. Research indicates that, unlike other childhood allergies, peanut allergies are less likely to be outgrown.
The immune system of someone with a peanut allergy mistakenly identifies peanut proteins as threats, triggering the release of chemicals such as histamine. This reaction causes a range of symptoms, which can vary from mild to life-threatening.
Symptoms can occur within minutes to a few hours after exposure. They include:
Anaphylaxis is a rapid and severe allergic reaction that can be fatal. It requires prompt administration of epinephrine, typically using an auto-injector such as an EpiPen. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, a drop in blood pressure, and dizziness or loss of consciousness. Delayed treatment increases the risk of severe complications.
The primary treatment for severe allergic reactions is an epinephrine injection. Individuals like David must always carry an epinephrine auto-injector and be prepared to use it. After administering epinephrine, emergency medical services should be called immediately.
Other treatments may include antihistamines to relieve milder symptoms like hives or corticosteroids to reduce prolonged inflammation.
Since there is no cure for peanut allergies, strict avoidance is the best prevention. This means carefully reading food labels and being cautious in environments where cross-contamination may occur, such as restaurants or shared kitchens.
Living with a peanut allergy requires constant vigilance. David must plan his meals, avoid risky situations, and always be prepared to manage an allergic reaction. It can be stressful, but with the right precautions, the risk of a severe reaction can be significantly reduced.